Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, a system, etc., in converting inputs into useful outputs. A productivity measure is expressed as
the ratio of output to inputs used in a production process, i.e. output per
unit of input.
Work-Study:
Work-study is the systematic evaluation of methods of performing
works so as to improve the effective use of resources and to standardize the activities
for performing a job.
The major branches of Work-Study:
1. Method study
2. Motion Study
3. Work measurement: (time study and work sampling)
1. Method study
Method study is the systematic recording and critical
analysis of existing and proposed ways of doing work, to develop and apply more
effective methods.
Process of method study:
- Define the existing method
- Record
- Examine
- Develop new
- Define new
- Install new
- Maintain new
2. Motion study
Motion study is a systematic method of deciding
the best way of doing the work by inspecting the motions made by the worker or
the machine. Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth introduced the idea of
motion study as a science of eliminating the wastefulness due to unnecessary motions.
3. Work measurement:
Work measurement is the application of techniques and procedures
to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined
rate of working or at a defined level of performance. Work measurement is also used for determining the level and vertical and horizontal order of the works in an organization. The Techniques of Work Measurement:
- Time study:
Time study is a systematic process of examining and determining human work with help of a timing device to decide the time needed for performing an entire work while working at a definite level of performance.
- Work sampling:
Work sampling is the statistical technique to determine the average time spent by employees in various portions or categories of a job such as setting up a machine, drilling, assembling two parts, etc..
- Work sampling:
Work sampling is the statistical technique to determine the average time spent by employees in various portions or categories of a job such as setting up a machine, drilling, assembling two parts, etc..
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